Interdependence of Contributing Factors Governing Dead-End Fouling of Nanofiltration Membranes

Cake-enhanced concentration polarization (CECP) has been ascribed as the main cause of flux decline in dead-end filtration. An unfamiliar approach was used to investigate the role of CECP effects in the fouling of a nanofiltration membrane (NF-270) that poorly reject salts. Membrane–foulant affinity interaction energies were calculated from measured contact angles of foulants and membrane coupons based on the van der Waals/acid–base approach, and linked to resistance due to adsorption (Ra). In addition, other fouling mechanisms and resistance parameters were investigated using model organic and colloidal foulants. After selection, the foulants and membranes were characterized for various properties, and fouling experiments were conducted under controlled conditions. The fouled membranes were further characterized to gain more understanding of the fouling layer properties and flux decline mechanisms. Sodium alginate and latex greatly reduced membrane permeate flux as the flux declined by 86% and 59%, respectively, while there was minor flux decline when aluminum oxide was used as model foulant (<15% flux decline). More flux decline was noted when fouling was conducted with a combination of organic and colloidal foulants. Contrary to other studies, the addition of calcium did not seem to influence individual and combined fouling trends. Foulants adsorbed more on the membrane surface as the membrane–foulant affinity interactions became more attractive and pore blocking by the foulants was not important for these experiments. Hydraulic resistance due to cake formation (Rc) had a higher contributing effect on flux decline, while CECP effects were not substantial.