Study on Real and Fitted Spherical Indentations

The physically accurate mathematical formula and its integration, which take into consideration the radius over depth changes upon penetration, are used to assess spherical indentations that rely on the original date. For germanium, zinc-oxide, and gallium-nitride, linear plots, phase-transition onsets, energy, and pressures are obtained algebraically. Low pressure phase transitions can either be resolved by hydrostatic anvil onset pressures or they cannot. By comparing the polymorph structures to known structures from pulsed laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, and twinning, makes it possible to attribute the polymorph structures. The easiest method for creating and characterising polymorphs that are now available in pure form under diamond calotte and in contact with their equivalent less dense polymorph is to use a spherical indentation. Loading curves from experimental data are needed to account for the novel outcomes and new opportunities, which open-up new horizons for the synthesis of new polymorphs, not available under anvil pressurization. These are now easily distinguished from data that are “fitted” to make them concur with widely used unphysical Johnson’s formula for spheres ("P = (4/3) h3/2R1/2E*") not taking care of the R/h variation. Its challenge is indispensable, because its use involves even published “fitting equations” for making the data concur. These misleading reports (which do not include any "experimental" data) offer risky incorrect moduli and ideas. For PDMS, GaAs, Al, Si, SiC, MgO, and Steel, the fitted spherical indentation reports with radii ranging from 4 to 250 m are identified. Characteristic elements are revealed by the thorough analysis.